Pounamu taonga include tools such as toki (adzes), whao (chisels), whao whakakōka (gouges), ripi pounamu (knives), scrapers, awls, hammer stones, and drill points. Hunting tools include matau (fishing hooks) and lures, spear points, and kākā poria (leg rings for fastening captive birds); weapons such as mere (short handled clubs); and ornaments such as pendants ( hei-tiki, hei matau and pekapeka), ear pendants (kuru and kapeu), and cloak pins. [18] [19] Silk belts or silk narrow bands, made of seven silk bands. Could be woven into 2 different ways. [28] Originated from belts worn in the Zhou dynasty; it was similar to the kua (銙) belt, except that it had strips of leather instead of rings. Some accessories like leather pouches could be attached to those belts. [29] Jade is unique in that both jadeite and nephrite are commonly treated with chemicals to improve their appearance. This has created four categories of jade treatments all with different price implications: Telling these two types apart is not an easy task, even from an expert. Nepthrite tends to be less translucent and less shiny and tends to be a bit softer than jadeite. The easiest way to tell them apart is by the color. Each type has distinct colors that can make them easier to spot. For example:

Jadeite, on the other hand, is a sodium and aluminum-rich pyroxene mineral that is rarer and more valuable than nephrite. With a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, jadeite exhibits a vibrant range of colors, including the highly coveted Imperial green. Its translucent and lustrous appearance makes it particularly desirable among collectors and connoisseurs. How to tell nephrite and jadeite apart Russian Nephrite: Mining and Value". Archived from the original on 2021-10-19 . Retrieved 2020-11-29.

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Walthall, Anne (2008). Servants of the dynasty: palace women in world history. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.143–144. ISBN 978-0-520-94151-9. OCLC 560506301. a b c Garrett, Valery M. (2007). Chinese dress: from the Qing Dynasty to the Present. Tokyo: Tuttle Pub. ISBN 978-0-8048-3663-0. OCLC 154701513. a b c Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011). The complete costume dictionary. Dan Lewandowski. Lanham, Maryland. p.319. ISBN 978-0-8108-4004-1. OCLC 694238143. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) Lavender jade, predominantly found in jadeite, is one of the absolute most expensive colors. The unique lavender hues result primarily from the presence of manganese (Mn) or iron (Fe) ions as chromophores. How much is lavender jade worth

When determining the pricing for jade the easiest way to get a general idea to start with is be first looking at the type, color, and provenance. These are the three largest factors when it comes to estimating the value of most jade. See also: ja:糸魚川のヒスイ Prehistoric and historic Korea [ edit ] Golden crown with jade pendants from Silla, fifth or sixth century AD, in the National Museum of Korea. Grande, Lance; Augustyn, Allison (2009). Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World. University of Chicago Press. p.216. ISBN 978-0-226-30511-0.

INTRODUCTION

Figure 25. This piece of Manas gray-green nephrite is a 1:1 replica of the imperial jade seal with calligraphy engraving in Qianlong’s reign (1736–1795). It was processed by 3D scanning and auto carving. Photo by Mingying Wang. THE NATURE OF CHINESE JADE CRAFT’S EVOLUTION Women Fashion of Tang Dynasty and Foreign Cultural Communication--《Journal of Zhejiang Wanli University》2008年01期". en.cnki.com.cn . Retrieved 2021-04-09. Weaver, Muriel Porter (16 September 2019). The Aztecs, Maya, and their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica, Third Edition. Routledge. ISBN 9781315418919.

A stone that is beautiful, it has five virtues. There is warmth in its lustre and brilliance; this is its quality of kindness; its soft interior may be viewed from the outside revealing [the goodness] within; this is its quality of rectitude; its tone is tranquil and high and carries far and wide; this is its quality of wisdom; it may be broken but cannot be twisted; this is its quality of bravery; its sharp edges are not intended for violence; this is its quality of purity.Blue jade can be especially unique and beautiful. With blue nephrite jade, blue hues are typically due to the presence of iron (Fe) or titanium (Ti) inclusions. In jadeite, blue coloration is primarily caused by the presence of titanium (Ti) ions as chromophores. How much is blue jade worth Green jade is prized for ornamental objects, jewelry, and intricate carvings, with its inherent toughness and durability making it a suitable material for such craftsmanship. In essence, green jade is cherished for its alluring colors, rich cultural associations, and the skilled artistry it inspires, ensuring its timeless appeal. How much is green jade worth

White jade, often associated with purity, clarity, and serenity, has been highly valued in various cultures, particularly in China, where it holds significant historical and cultural importance. The value of white jade is influenced by factors such as its translucency, texture, and overall quality. High-quality white jade should possess a smooth, fine texture and a uniform, pure white color with good translucency. How much is white jade worth The name Nephrite derives from the Greek word meaning "kidney". This is because in ancient times it was believed that wearing this kind of jade around the waist could cure kidney disease. [28] In the Zhou, production of jade bi, cong, and other Shang ritual forms was continued and their use systematized. Differently shaped sceptres were used for the ranks of the nobility and as authority for mobilizing troops, settling disputes, declaring peace, and so on. At burial, the seven orifices of the body were sealed with jade plugs and plaques. Stylistically, Zhou dynasty jades at first continued Shang traditions, but then, just as the ritual bronzes did, they turned toward looser, less-systematic designs by middle Zhou times, with zoomorphic decor transformed into abstract meander patterns. This breakdown of formal structure continued to the end of the dynasty. Although each of the five stages in table 2 corresponds to a certain historical period, any craft or technology progresses gradually through exploration and creation. The accumulation of experience takes a long time. The refinement of a craft is first tested on a small scale and then gradually promoted and popularized. Therefore, a change in dynasty does not necessarily represent the immediate progress of a craft.Russia imported jade from China for a long time, but in the 1860s its own jade deposits were found in Siberia. Today, the main deposits of jade are located in Eastern Siberia, but jade is also extracted in the Polar Urals and in the Krasnoyarsk territory (Kantegirskoye and Kurtushibinskoye deposits). Russian raw jade reserves are estimated at 336 tons. [24] Yang B.D., Qi J., Zhao G.D., et al. (2005) Chinese Jade Complete Works. Hebei Fine Arts Publishing House, Shijiazhuang, Vol. 1, 316 pp. a b Ceram, C. W. (1967). Gods, Graves, and Scholars: The Story of Archaeology. Translated by Garside, E. B.; Wilkins, Sophie (2nded.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.400. Draelos, Zoe Diana (2011). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Somerset: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4443-5951-0. OCLC 929529116. Hung, H. C.; Iizuka, Y.; Bellwood, P.; Nguyen, K. D.; Bellina, B.; Silapanth, P.; and Manton, J. H. (2007). "Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), 19745–19750.